Micron Document
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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Neptunium</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><table class="float-right infobox wikitable" style="font-size:90%; margin-top:0; width:310px; max-width:400px;">

<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background:Orchid; font-size:120%; color:#202122;">Eigenschaften
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center;">
<div id="table" style="position:relative;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" style="margin:auto; background-color:color:var(--color-inverted, #FFFFFF); color:var(--color-base, #000000); text-align:center; empty-cells:show; border-collapse:separate; border-style:hidden;">
<tbody><tr>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LimeGreen;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Wasserstoff" title="Wasserstoff"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 1: Wasserstoff (H), Nichtmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td colspan="30">
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightskyBlue;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Helium" title="Helium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 2: Helium (He), Edelgas">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:OrangeRed;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Lithium" title="Lithium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 3: Lithium (Li), Alkalimetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkOrange;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Beryllium" title="Beryllium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 4: Beryllium (Be), Erdalkalimetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td colspan="24">
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Peru;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Bor" title="Bor"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 5: Bor (B), Halbmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LimeGreen;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Kohlenstoff" title="Kohlenstoff"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 6: Kohlenstoff (C), Nichtmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LimeGreen;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Stickstoff" title="Stickstoff"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 7: Stickstoff (N), Nichtmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LimeGreen;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Sauerstoff" title="Sauerstoff"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 8: Sauerstoff (O), Nichtmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Khaki;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Fluor" title="Fluor"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 9: Fluor (F), Halogen">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightskyBlue;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Neon" title="Neon"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 10: Neon (Ne), Edelgas">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:OrangeRed;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Natrium" title="Natrium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 11: Natrium (Na), Alkalimetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkOrange;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Magnesium" title="Magnesium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 12: Magnesium (Mg), Erdalkalimetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td colspan="24">
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkGray;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Aluminium" title="Aluminium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 13: Aluminium (Al), Metall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Peru;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Silicium" title="Silicium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 14: Silicium (Si), Halbmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LimeGreen;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Phosphor" title="Phosphor"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 15: Phosphor (P), Nichtmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LimeGreen;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Schwefel" title="Schwefel"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 16: Schwefel (S), Nichtmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Khaki;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Chlor" title="Chlor"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 17: Chlor (Cl), Halogen">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightskyBlue;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Argon" title="Argon"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 18: Argon (Ar), Edelgas">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:OrangeRed;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Kalium" title="Kalium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 19: Kalium (K), Alkalimetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkOrange;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Calcium" title="Calcium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 20: Calcium (Ca), Erdalkalimetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Scandium" title="Scandium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 21: Scandium (Sc), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td colspan="14">
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Titan_(Element)" title="Titan (Element)"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 22: Titan (Ti), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Vanadium" title="Vanadium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 23: Vanadium (V), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Chrom" title="Chrom"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 24: Chrom (Cr), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Mangan" title="Mangan"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 25: Mangan (Mn), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Eisen" title="Eisen"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 26: Eisen (Fe), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Cobalt" title="Cobalt"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 27: Cobalt (Co), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Nickel" title="Nickel"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 28: Nickel (Ni), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Kupfer" title="Kupfer"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 29: Kupfer (Cu), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Zink" title="Zink"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 30: Zink (Zn), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkGray;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Gallium" title="Gallium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 31: Gallium (Ga), Metall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Peru;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Germanium" title="Germanium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 32: Germanium (Ge), Halbmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Peru;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Arsen" title="Arsen"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 33: Arsen (As), Halbmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Peru;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Selen" title="Selen"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 34: Selen (Se), Halbmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Khaki;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Brom" title="Brom"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 35: Brom (Br), Halogen">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightskyBlue;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Krypton" title="Krypton"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 36: Krypton (Kr), Edelgas">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:OrangeRed;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Rubidium" title="Rubidium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 37: Rubidium (Rb), Alkalimetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkOrange;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Strontium" title="Strontium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 38: Strontium (Sr), Erdalkalimetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Yttrium" title="Yttrium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 39: Yttrium (Y), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td colspan="14">
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Zirconium" title="Zirconium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 40: Zirconium (Zr), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Niob" title="Niob"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 41: Niob (Nb), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Molybd%C3%A4n" title="Molybdän"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 42: Molybdän (Mo), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Technetium" title="Technetium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 43: Technetium (Tc), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 44: Ruthenium (Ru), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Rhodium" title="Rhodium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 45: Rhodium (Rh), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Palladium" title="Palladium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 46: Palladium (Pd), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Silber" title="Silber"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 47: Silber (Ag), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Cadmium" title="Cadmium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 48: Cadmium (Cd), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkGray;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Indium" title="Indium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 49: Indium (In), Metall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkGray;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Zinn" title="Zinn"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 50: Zinn (Sn), Metall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Peru;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Antimon" title="Antimon"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 51: Antimon (Sb), Halbmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Peru;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Tellur" title="Tellur"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 52: Tellur (Te), Halbmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Khaki;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Iod" title="Iod"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 53: Iod (I), Halogen">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightskyBlue;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Xenon" title="Xenon"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 54: Xenon (Xe), Edelgas">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:OrangeRed;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Caesium" title="Caesium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 55: Caesium (Cs), Alkalimetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkOrange;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Barium" title="Barium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 56: Barium (Ba), Erdalkalimetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Lanthan" title="Lanthan"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 57: Lanthan (La), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Cer" title="Cer"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 58: Cer (Ce), Lanthanoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Praseodym" title="Praseodym"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 59: Praseodym (Pr), Lanthanoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Neodym" title="Neodym"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 60: Neodym (Nd), Lanthanoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Promethium" title="Promethium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 61: Promethium (Pm), Lanthanoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Samarium" title="Samarium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 62: Samarium (Sm), Lanthanoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Europium" title="Europium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 63: Europium (Eu), Lanthanoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 64: Gadolinium (Gd), Lanthanoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Terbium" title="Terbium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 65: Terbium (Tb), Lanthanoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 66: Dysprosium (Dy), Lanthanoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Holmium" title="Holmium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 67: Holmium (Ho), Lanthanoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Erbium" title="Erbium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 68: Erbium (Er), Lanthanoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Thulium" title="Thulium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 69: Thulium (Tm), Lanthanoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 70: Ytterbium (Yb), Lanthanoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Lutetium" title="Lutetium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 71: Lutetium (Lu), Lanthanoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Hafnium" title="Hafnium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 72: Hafnium (Hf), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Tantal" title="Tantal"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 73: Tantal (Ta), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Wolfram" title="Wolfram"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 74: Wolfram (W), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Rhenium" title="Rhenium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 75: Rhenium (Re), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Osmium" title="Osmium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 76: Osmium (Os), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Iridium" title="Iridium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 77: Iridium (Ir), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Platin" title="Platin"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 78: Platin (Pt), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Gold" title="Gold"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 79: Gold (Au), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Quecksilber" title="Quecksilber"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 80: Quecksilber (Hg), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkGray;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Thallium" title="Thallium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 81: Thallium (Tl), Metall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkGray;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Blei" title="Blei"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 82: Blei (Pb), Metall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkGray;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Bismut" title="Bismut"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 83: Bismut (Bi), Metall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkGray;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Polonium" title="Polonium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 84: Polonium (Po), Metall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Khaki;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Astat" title="Astat"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 85: Astat (At), Halogen">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightskyBlue;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Radon" title="Radon"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 86: Radon (Rn), Edelgas">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:OrangeRed;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Francium" title="Francium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 87: Francium (Fr), Alkalimetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkOrange;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Radium" title="Radium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 88: Radium (Ra), Erdalkalimetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Actinium" title="Actinium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 89: Actinium (Ac), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Thorium" title="Thorium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 90: Thorium (Th), Actinoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Protactinium" title="Protactinium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 91: Protactinium (Pa), Actinoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Uran" title="Uran"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 92: Uran (U), Actinoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid; border:2px solid #72777D; margin:-1px"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 93: Neptunium (Np), Actinoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Plutonium" title="Plutonium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 94: Plutonium (Pu), Actinoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Americium" title="Americium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 95: Americium (Am), Actinoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Curium" title="Curium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 96: Curium (Cm), Actinoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Berkelium" title="Berkelium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 97: Berkelium (Bk), Actinoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Californium" title="Californium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 98: Californium (Cf), Actinoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 99: Einsteinium (Es), Actinoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Fermium" title="Fermium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 100: Fermium (Fm), Actinoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 101: Mendelevium (Md), Actinoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Nobelium" title="Nobelium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 102: Nobelium (No), Actinoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 103: Lawrencium (Lr), Actinoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 104: Rutherfordium (Rf), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Dubnium" title="Dubnium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 105: Dubnium (Db), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 106: Seaborgium (Sg), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Bohrium" title="Bohrium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 107: Bohrium (Bh), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Hassium" title="Hassium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 108: Hassium (Hs), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Gainsboro;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 109: Meitnerium (Mt), unbekannt">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Gainsboro;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 110: Darmstadtium (Ds), unbekannt">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Gainsboro;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 111: Roentgenium (Rg), unbekannt">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Gainsboro;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Copernicium" title="Copernicium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 112: Copernicium (Cn), unbekannt">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Gainsboro;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Nihonium" title="Nihonium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 113: Nihonium (Nh), unbekannt">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Gainsboro;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Flerovium" title="Flerovium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 114: Flerovium (Fl), unbekannt">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Gainsboro;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Moscovium" title="Moscovium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 115: Moscovium (Mc), unbekannt">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Gainsboro;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Livermorium" title="Livermorium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 116: Livermorium (Lv), unbekannt">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Gainsboro;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Tenness" title="Tenness"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 117: Tenness (Ts), unbekannt">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Gainsboro;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Oganesson" title="Oganesson"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 118: Oganesson (Og), unbekannt">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div id="text0" style="font-size:12px; position:absolute; top:5px; left:50%; margin-left:-125px;line-height:120%;">[<a href="Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a>] 5<a href="F-Orbital" class="mw-redirect" title="F-Orbital">f</a><sup>4</sup> 6<a href="D-Orbital" class="mw-redirect" title="D-Orbital">d</a><sup>1</sup> 7<a href="S-Orbital" class="mw-redirect" title="S-Orbital">s</a><sup>2</sup></div>
<div style="position:absolute; top:5px; left:45%; margin-left:20px;line-height:120%;"><span id="text2" style="font-size:10px; vertical-align: sub;">93</span><span id="text3" style="font-size:20px; font-weight:bold;">Np</span></div>
<div style="font-size:90%; text-align:right;"><a href="Periodensystem" title="Periodensystem">Periodensystem</a></div></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background:Orchid; color:#202122;">Allgemein
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Chemisches_Element#Sortierte_Liste_chemischer_Elemente" title="Chemisches Element">Name</a>, <a href="Elementsymbol" title="Elementsymbol">Symbol</a>, <a href="Ordnungszahl" title="Ordnungszahl">Ordnungszahl</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">Neptunium, Np, 93
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Elementkategorie" title="Elementkategorie">Elementkategorie</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Actinoide" title="Actinoide">Actinoide</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Gruppe_des_Periodensystems" title="Gruppe des Periodensystems">Gruppe</a>, <a href="Periode_des_Periodensystems" title="Periode des Periodensystems">Periode</a>, <a href="Block_des_Periodensystems" class="mw-redirect" title="Block des Periodensystems">Block</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Actinoide" title="Actinoide">Ac</a>, <a href="Chemische_Elemente_der_siebten_Periode" title="Chemische Elemente der siebten Periode">7</a>, <a href="Periodensystem#Block" title="Periodensystem">f</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Aussehen
</td>
<td>silbrig
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="CAS-Nummer" title="CAS-Nummer">CAS-Nummer</a>
</td>
<td>
<p><span title="Untervorlage eingebunden: CASRN"></span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=7439-99-8">7439-99-8</a><span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="EG-Nummer" title="EG-Nummer">EG-Nummer</a>
</td>
<td>231-108-8
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Europ%C3%A4ische_Chemikalienagentur" title="Europäische Chemikalienagentur">ECHA</a>-InfoCard
</td>
<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.echa.europa.eu/de/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.028.280">100.028.280</a>
</td></tr>


<tr>
<td>Massenanteil an der <a href="Erdh%C3%BClle" title="Erdhülle">Erdhülle</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">4 · 10<sup>−14</sup>&nbsp;ppm<sup id="cite_ref-Binder_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Binder-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background:Orchid; color:#202122;">Atomar<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Atommasse" title="Atommasse">Atommasse</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">237,0482 <a href="Atomare_Masseneinheit" title="Atomare Masseneinheit">u</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Atomradius" title="Atomradius">Atomradius</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">(α-Np) 130 <a href="Pikometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Pikometer">pm</a>
</td></tr>




<tr>
<td><a href="Elektronenkonfiguration" title="Elektronenkonfiguration">Elektronenkonfiguration</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a>] 5<a href="F-Orbital" class="mw-redirect" title="F-Orbital">f</a><sup>4</sup> 6<a href="D-Orbital" class="mw-redirect" title="D-Orbital">d</a><sup>1</sup> 7<a href="S-Orbital" class="mw-redirect" title="S-Orbital">s</a><sup>2</sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1. <a href="Ionisierungsenergie" title="Ionisierungsenergie">Ionisierungsenergie</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r198372224">
/* start https://de.wikipedia.org/ */


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/* end https://de.wikipedia.org/ */
</style>6<span class="numericFormat-dec"><span>.</span></span>26554(25) <a href="Elektronenvolt" title="Elektronenvolt">eV</a><sup id="cite_ref-NIST-ASD-neptunium_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST-ASD-neptunium-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> ≈ <span style="white-space:nowrap">604<span class="numericFormat-dec"><span>.</span></span>53 <a href="Joule" title="Joule">kJ</a>/<a href="Mol" title="Mol">mol</a><sup id="cite_ref-Webelements-neptunium_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webelements-neptunium-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2. Ionisierungsenergie
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap">11<span class="numericFormat-dec"><span>.</span></span>5(4) eV<sup id="cite_ref-NIST-ASD-neptunium_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST-ASD-neptunium-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> ≈ <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="numericFormat-1000">1</span>110 kJ/mol<sup id="cite_ref-Webelements-neptunium_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webelements-neptunium-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>3. Ionisierungsenergie
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap">19<span class="numericFormat-dec"><span>.</span></span>7(4) eV<sup id="cite_ref-NIST-ASD-neptunium_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST-ASD-neptunium-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> ≈ <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="numericFormat-1000">1</span>900 kJ/mol<sup id="cite_ref-Webelements-neptunium_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webelements-neptunium-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>4. Ionisierungsenergie
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap">33<span class="numericFormat-dec"><span>.</span></span>8(4) eV<sup id="cite_ref-NIST-ASD-neptunium_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST-ASD-neptunium-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> ≈ <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="numericFormat-1000">3</span>260 kJ/mol<sup id="cite_ref-Webelements-neptunium_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webelements-neptunium-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>5. Ionisierungsenergie
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap">48<span class="numericFormat-dec"><span>.</span></span>0(1,9) eV<sup id="cite_ref-NIST-ASD-neptunium_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST-ASD-neptunium-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> ≈ <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="numericFormat-1000">4</span>630 kJ/mol<sup id="cite_ref-Webelements-neptunium_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webelements-neptunium-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>
</td></tr>




<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background:Orchid; color:#202122;">Physikalisch<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Aggregatzustand" title="Aggregatzustand">Aggregatzustand</a>
</td>
<td>fest
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Polymorphie_(Stoffeigenschaft)" title="Polymorphie (Stoffeigenschaft)">Modifikationen</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">3
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Kristallstruktur" title="Kristallstruktur">Kristallstruktur</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Orthorhombisches_Kristallsystem" title="Orthorhombisches Kristallsystem">orthorhombisch</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Dichte" title="Dichte">Dichte</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">20,45 g/cm<sup>3</sup>
</td></tr>




<tr>
<td><a href="Schmelzpunkt" title="Schmelzpunkt">Schmelzpunkt</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">912 <a href="Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (639<sup id="cite_ref-HOWI_2149_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HOWI_2149-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> °C)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Siedepunkt" title="Siedepunkt">Siedepunkt</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">4175 K<sup id="cite_ref-HOWI_2149_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HOWI_2149-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (3902 °C)
</td></tr>


<tr>
<td><a href="Molares_Volumen" title="Molares Volumen">Molares Volumen</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">11,59 · 10<sup>−6</sup> m<sup>3</sup>·mol<sup>−1</sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Verdampfungsenthalpie" title="Verdampfungsenthalpie">Verdampfungsenthalpie</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">1420 kJ·mol<sup>−1</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Binder_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Binder-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Schmelzenthalpie" title="Schmelzenthalpie">Schmelzenthalpie</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">39,91<sup id="cite_ref-Binder_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Binder-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> kJ·mol<sup>−1</sup>
</td></tr>








<tr>
<td><a href="Elektrische_Leitf%C3%A4higkeit" title="Elektrische Leitfähigkeit">Elektrische Leitfähigkeit</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">0,82 · 10<sup>6</sup> <a href="Siemens_(Einheit)" title="Siemens (Einheit)">S</a>·m<sup>−1</sup> bei 293<sup id="cite_ref-Binder_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Binder-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> K
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="W%C3%A4rmeleitf%C3%A4higkeit" title="Wärmeleitfähigkeit">Wärmeleitfähigkeit</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">6,30 <a href="Watt_(Einheit)" title="Watt (Einheit)">W</a>·m<sup>−1</sup>·K<sup>−1</sup> bei 300<sup id="cite_ref-Binder_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Binder-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> K
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background:Orchid; color:#202122;">Chemisch<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Oxidationszahl" title="Oxidationszahl">Oxidationszustände</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">+3, +4, <b>+5</b>, +6, +7
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Elektrodenpotential#Normalpotential" title="Elektrodenpotential">Normalpotential</a>
</td>
<td>−1,79&nbsp;<a href="Volt" title="Volt">V</a> (Np<sup>3+</sup> + 3&nbsp;e<sup>−</sup> → Np)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Elektronegativit%C3%A4t" title="Elektronegativität">Elektronegativität</a>
</td>
<td>1,36 (<a href="Elektronegativit%C3%A4t#Pauling-Skala" title="Elektronegativität">Pauling-Skala</a>)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background:Orchid; color:#202122;">Isotope
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="padding:0;">
<table class="wikitable center darkmode-hintergrundfarbe-passiv" style="background:WhiteSmoke; color:#202122; border:hidden; margin:0;">

<tbody><tr>
<td><a href="Isotop" title="Isotop">Isotop</a>
</td>
<td><a href="Isotopenverh%C3%A4ltnis" title="Isotopenverhältnis">NH</a>
</td>
<td><a href="Halbwertszeit" title="Halbwertszeit">t<sub>1/2</sub></a>
</td>
<td><a href="Radioaktivit%C3%A4t#Zerfallsarten" title="Radioaktivität">ZA</a>
</td>
<td><a href="Zerfallsenergie" title="Zerfallsenergie">ZE</a> (M<a href="Elektronenvolt" title="Elektronenvolt">eV</a>)
</td>
<td><a href="Zerfallsprodukt_(Radioaktivit%C3%A4t)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zerfallsprodukt (Radioaktivität)">ZP</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" style="nowrap"><sup>235</sup>Np<div class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="nowrap"><a href="Radionuklid#Künstliche_Radionuklide" title="Radionuklid">{syn.}</a>
</td>
<td rowspan="2">396,1 <a href="Tag" title="Tag">d</a>
</td>
<td><a href="Alphazerfall" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphazerfall">α</a>
</td>
<td>5,192
</td>
<td><a href="Protactinium" title="Protactinium"><sup>231</sup>Pa</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Elektroneneinfang" title="Elektroneneinfang">ε</a>
</td>
<td>0,124
</td>
<td><a href="Uran" title="Uran"><sup>235</sup>U</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="3" style="nowrap"><sup>236</sup>Np<div class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="3" style="nowrap"><a href="Radionuklid#Künstliche_Radionuklide" title="Radionuklid">{syn.}</a>
</td>
<td rowspan="3">1,54 · 10<sup>5</sup> <a href="Jahr" title="Jahr">a</a>
</td>
<td><a href="Elektroneneinfang" title="Elektroneneinfang">ε</a>
</td>
<td>0,940
</td>
<td><a href="Uran" title="Uran"><sup>236</sup>U</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Betazerfall" title="Betazerfall">β<sup>−</sup></a>
</td>
<td>0,490
</td>
<td><a href="Plutonium" title="Plutonium"><sup>236</sup>Pu</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Alphazerfall" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphazerfall">α</a>
</td>
<td>5,020
</td>
<td><a href="Protactinium" title="Protactinium"><sup>232</sup>Pa</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="nowrap"><sup>237</sup>Np<div class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></div>
</td>
<td style="nowrap"><a href="Radionuklid#Künstliche_Radionuklide" title="Radionuklid">{syn.}</a>
</td>
<td>2,144 · 10<sup>6</sup> <a href="Jahr" title="Jahr">a</a>
</td>
<td><a href="Alphazerfall" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphazerfall">α</a>
</td>
<td>4,959
</td>
<td><a href="Protactinium" title="Protactinium"><sup>233</sup>Pa</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="nowrap"><sup>238</sup>Np<div class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></div>
</td>
<td style="nowrap"><a href="Radionuklid#Künstliche_Radionuklide" title="Radionuklid">{syn.}</a>
</td>
<td>2,117 <a href="Tag" title="Tag">d</a>
</td>
<td><a href="Betazerfall" title="Betazerfall">β<sup>−</sup></a>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td><a href="Plutonium" title="Plutonium"><sup>238</sup>Pu</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="nowrap"><sup>239</sup>Np<div class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></div>
</td>
<td style="nowrap"><a href="Radionuklid#Künstliche_Radionuklide" title="Radionuklid">{syn.}</a>
</td>
<td>2,355 <a href="Tag" title="Tag">d</a>
</td>
<td><a href="Betazerfall" title="Betazerfall">β<sup>−</sup></a>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td><a href="Plutonium" title="Plutonium"><sup>239</sup>Pu</a>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" class="darkmode-hintergrundfarbe-passiv" style="background:WhiteSmoke; color:#202122;">Weitere Isotope siehe <a href="Liste_der_Isotope/Ordnungszahl_91_bis_Ordnungszahl_100#93_Neptunium" title="Liste der Isotope/Ordnungszahl 91 bis Ordnungszahl 100">Liste der Isotope</a>
</th></tr>




<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background:Orchid; color:#202122;">Gefahren- und Sicherheitshinweise
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="padding-top:7px; text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span><br><span style="line-height:1.1em;"><b><a href="Radioaktiv" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioaktiv">Radioaktiv</a></b></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">
<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" style="width:100%;">


<tbody><tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><b><a href="Global_harmonisiertes_System_zur_Einstufung_und_Kennzeichnung_von_Chemikalien" title="Global harmonisiertes System zur Einstufung und Kennzeichnung von Chemikalien">GHS-Gefahrstoffkennzeichnung</a></b><br><i>keine Einstufung verfügbar</i><sup id="cite_ref-NV_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NV-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>






<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="background:Orchid; line-height:1.2em; text-align:center; color:#202122; font-size:smaller;">Wenn nicht anders vermerkt, gelten die angegebenen Daten bei <a href="Standardbedingungen" title="Standardbedingungen">Standardbedingungen</a>.
</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span>
</p><p><b>Neptunium</b> ist ein <a href="Chemisches_Element" title="Chemisches Element">chemisches Element</a> mit dem <a href="Elementsymbol" title="Elementsymbol">Elementsymbol</a> Np und der <a href="Ordnungszahl" title="Ordnungszahl">Ordnungszahl</a> 93. Im <a href="Periodensystem" title="Periodensystem">Periodensystem</a> steht es in der Gruppe der <a href="Actinoide" title="Actinoide">Actinoide</a> (<a href="Periode-7-Element" class="mw-redirect" title="Periode-7-Element">7.&nbsp;Periode</a>, <a href="F-Block" class="mw-redirect" title="F-Block">f-Block</a>). Neptunium ist das erste der sogenannten <a href="Transurane" title="Transurane">Transurane</a>, die auf der Erde, bis auf Spuren von <a href="Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a>, nicht mehr natürlich vorkommen. Neptunium ist ein giftiges und <a href="Radioaktiv" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioaktiv">radioaktives</a> <a href="Schwermetalle" title="Schwermetalle">Schwermetall</a>. Es wurde benannt nach dem <a href="Planet" title="Planet">Planeten</a> <a href="Neptun_(Planet)" title="Neptun (Planet)">Neptun</a>, der auf den Planeten <a href="Uranus_(Planet)" title="Uranus (Planet)">Uranus</a> folgt. Neptunium folgt im Periodensystem auf <a href="Uran" title="Uran">Uran</a>, dann folgt Plutonium, das auf der Erde natürlich vorkommende Element mit der höchsten Ordnungszahl.
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geschichte">Geschichte</h2></div>
<p>Das radioaktive Element Neptunium synthetisierten <a href="Edwin_Mattison_McMillan" title="Edwin Mattison McMillan">Edwin M. McMillan</a> und <a href="Philip_Hauge_Abelson" title="Philip Hauge Abelson">Philip H. Abelson</a> erstmals 1940 durch Beschuss von Uran mit Neutronen.<sup id="cite_ref-EL93_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EL93-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{238}_{\ 92}U\ +\ _{0}^{1}n\ \longrightarrow \ _{\ 92}^{239}U\ {\xrightarrow[{23\ min}]{\beta ^{-}}}\ _{\ 93}^{239}Np\ {\xrightarrow[{2,355\ d}]{\beta ^{-}}}\ _{\ 94}^{239}Pu} }">
<semantics>
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<msubsup>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mn>92</mn>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>238</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">U</mi>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mo>+</mo>
<msubsup>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
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</msubsup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mo stretchy="false">⟶<!-- ⟶ --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mn>92</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>239</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">U</mi>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<munderover>
<mo>→</mo>
<mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset="-.24em">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>23</mn>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
</mrow>
</mpadded>
<mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em">
<msup>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
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</mpadded>
</munderover>
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<msubsup>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mn>93</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>239</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<munderover>
<mo>→</mo>
<mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset="-.24em">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>355</mn>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
</mpadded>
<mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em">
<msup>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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</munderover>
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<msubsup>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mn>94</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>239</mn>
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</msubsup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{238}_{\ 92}U\ +\ _{0}^{1}n\ \longrightarrow \ _{\ 92}^{239}U\ {\xrightarrow[{23\ min}]{\beta ^{-}}}\ _{\ 93}^{239}Np\ {\xrightarrow[{2,355\ d}]{\beta ^{-}}}\ _{\ 94}^{239}Pu} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6604de3d102be4a0a9b26d5b57873a6eeca17ae0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.112ex; margin-top: -0.415ex; margin-bottom: -0.559ex; width:47.97ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{238}_{\ 92}U\ +\ _{0}^{1}n\ \longrightarrow \ _{\ 92}^{239}U\ {\xrightarrow[{23\ min}]{\beta ^{-}}}\ _{\ 93}^{239}Np\ {\xrightarrow[{2,355\ d}]{\beta ^{-}}}\ _{\ 94}^{239}Pu} }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dd><small>Die angegebenen Zeiten sind <a href="Halbwertszeit" title="Halbwertszeit">Halbwertszeiten</a>.</small></dd></dl>
<p><a href="Arthur_Wahl" title="Arthur Wahl">Arthur C. Wahl</a> und <a href="Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a> entdeckten 1942 das Neptuniumisotop <sup>237</sup>Np. Es entsteht aus <sup>237</sup>U, das ein β-Strahler mit rund 7 Tagen Halbwertszeit ist, oder durch einen (n, 2n)-Prozess aus <sup>238</sup>U. <sup>237</sup>Np ist ein α-Strahler mit einer Halbwertszeit von 2,144&nbsp;·&nbsp;10<sup>6</sup> Jahren.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{238}_{\ 92}U\ {\xrightarrow[{}]{(n,\ 2n)}}\ _{\ 92}^{237}U\ {\xrightarrow[{7\ d}]{\beta ^{-}}}\ _{\ 93}^{237}Np\ {\xrightarrow[{2,144\ \times \ 10^{6}\ a}]{\alpha }}\ _{\ 91}^{233}Pa} }">
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<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mn>92</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>238</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">U</mi>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo>→</mo>
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</mrow>
</mpadded>
<mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
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<mn>2</mn>
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mpadded>
</munderover>
</mrow>
<msubsup>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mn>92</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>237</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">U</mi>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<munderover>
<mo>→</mo>
<mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset="-.24em">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>7</mn>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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</munderover>
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<msubsup>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mn>93</mn>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>237</mn>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<munderover>
<mo>→</mo>
<mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset="-.24em">
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<mo>,</mo>
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<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
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<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
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</msup>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
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<mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mpadded>
</munderover>
</mrow>
<msubsup>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mn>91</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>233</mn>
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</msubsup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
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</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{238}_{\ 92}U\ {\xrightarrow[{}]{(n,\ 2n)}}\ _{\ 92}^{237}U\ {\xrightarrow[{7\ d}]{\beta ^{-}}}\ _{\ 93}^{237}Np\ {\xrightarrow[{2,144\ \times \ 10^{6}\ a}]{\alpha }}\ _{\ 91}^{233}Pa} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9faab8d419885d99337b7e2d29c4a5720c12cdde.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.454ex; margin-top: -0.415ex; margin-bottom: -0.55ex; width:44.862ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{238}_{\ 92}U\ {\xrightarrow[{}]{(n,\ 2n)}}\ _{\ 92}^{237}U\ {\xrightarrow[{7\ d}]{\beta ^{-}}}\ _{\ 93}^{237}Np\ {\xrightarrow[{2,144\ \times \ 10^{6}\ a}]{\alpha }}\ _{\ 91}^{233}Pa} }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Im Jahr 1950 wurden aus <sup>233</sup>U, <sup>235</sup>U und <sup>238</sup>U durch Beschuss mit <a href="Deuteron" title="Deuteron">Deuteronen</a> die Neptuniumisotope <sup>231</sup>Np, <sup>232</sup>Np und <sup>233</sup>Np erzeugt.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Im Jahr 1958 wurden aus hochangereichertem <sup>235</sup>U durch Beschuss mit Deuteronen die Neptuniumisotope <sup>234</sup>Np, <sup>235</sup>Np und <sup>236</sup>Np erzeugt.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die 1-Stunden Neptunium-Aktivität, die zuvor dem <sup>241</sup>Np zugewiesen worden ist, gehört hingegen zum Isotop <sup>240</sup>Np.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gewinnung_und_Darstellung">Gewinnung und Darstellung</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gewinnung_von_Neptuniumisotopen">Gewinnung von Neptuniumisotopen</h3></div>
<p>Neptunium entsteht als <a href="Nebenprodukt" title="Nebenprodukt">Nebenprodukt</a> der Energiegewinnung in <a href="Kernreaktor" title="Kernreaktor">Kernreaktoren</a>. Eine Tonne abgebrannter <a href="Kernbrennstoff" title="Kernbrennstoff">Kernbrennstoff</a> kann etwa 500&nbsp;g Neptunium enthalten.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So entstandenes Neptunium besteht fast ausschließlich aus dem Isotop <sup>237</sup>Np. Es entsteht aus dem Uranisotop <sup>235</sup>U durch zweifachen <a href="Neutroneneinfang" title="Neutroneneinfang">Neutroneneinfang</a> und anschließenden <a href="Beta-Zerfall" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Zerfall">β-Zerfall</a>.
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{235}_{\ 92}U\ +\ _{0}^{1}n\ \longrightarrow \ _{\ 92}^{236}U_{m}\ {\xrightarrow[{120\ ns}]{\gamma }}\ _{\ 92}^{236}U} }">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{235}_{\ 92}U\ +\ _{0}^{1}n\ \longrightarrow \ _{\ 92}^{236}U_{m}\ {\xrightarrow[{120\ ns}]{\gamma }}\ _{\ 92}^{236}U} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/097abbcad6ca486700bf4db049df94e83dc90ae3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.78ex; margin-top: -0.41ex; margin-bottom: -0.558ex; width:34.624ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{235}_{\ 92}U\ +\ _{0}^{1}n\ \longrightarrow \ _{\ 92}^{236}U_{m}\ {\xrightarrow[{120\ ns}]{\gamma }}\ _{\ 92}^{236}U} }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{236}_{\ 92}U\ +\ _{0}^{1}n\ \longrightarrow \ _{\ 92}^{237}U\ {\xrightarrow[{6,75\ d}]{\beta ^{-}}}\ _{\ 93}^{237}Np} }">
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<mi mathvariant="normal">U</mi>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mo>+</mo>
<msubsup>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mo stretchy="false">⟶<!-- ⟶ --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mn>92</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>237</mn>
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</msubsup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">U</mi>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
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<munderover>
<mo>→</mo>
<mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset="-.24em">
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<msubsup>
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<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mn>93</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>237</mn>
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</msubsup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{236}_{\ 92}U\ +\ _{0}^{1}n\ \longrightarrow \ _{\ 92}^{237}U\ {\xrightarrow[{6,75\ d}]{\beta ^{-}}}\ _{\ 93}^{237}Np} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0ddd879b76c59f77664f22db1fa2a50b2e029905.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.112ex; margin-top: -0.415ex; margin-bottom: -0.559ex; width:34.125ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{236}_{\ 92}U\ +\ _{0}^{1}n\ \longrightarrow \ _{\ 92}^{237}U\ {\xrightarrow[{6,75\ d}]{\beta ^{-}}}\ _{\ 93}^{237}Np} }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Eine deutlich weniger häufige Möglichkeit ist die (n,2n) Reaktion in <sup>238</sup>U. - Ein Neutron trifft auf und zwei Neutronen werden emittiert. Diese Reaktion benötigt allerdings schnelle Neutronen, um die endotherme Reaktion mit ausreichend Energie zu versorgen und hat einen relativ kleinen Wirkungsquerschnitt.
</p><p><sup>237</sup>Np ist auch ein Glied der <a href="Zerfallsreihe" title="Zerfallsreihe">Zerfallsreihe</a> von <sup>241</sup>Am, entsteht also unweigerlich in <a href="Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a>-Proben. Angesichts der Halbwertszeit von <sup>241</sup>Am von über 400 Jahren sind jedoch, in der Zeit seit Menschen Americium herstellen, nur verhältnismäßig geringe Mengen Neptunium auf diese Weise entstanden.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Darstellung_elementaren_Neptuniums">Darstellung elementaren Neptuniums</h3></div>
<p>Metallisches Neptunium kann durch <a href="Reduktion_(Chemie)" title="Reduktion (Chemie)">Reduktion</a> aus seinen Verbindungen erhalten werden. Zuerst wurde <a href="Neptunium(III)-fluorid" title="Neptunium(III)-fluorid">Neptunium(III)-fluorid</a> mit elementarem <a href="Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a> oder <a href="Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> bei 1200&nbsp;°C zur Reaktion gebracht.
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {2 NpF3 + 3 Ba -> 2 Np + 3 BaF2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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<mtext>NpF</mtext>
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<mn>3</mn>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {2 NpF3 + 3 Ba -&gt; 2 Np + 3 BaF2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d4fa10bb4a61a6c535d6f0790bceedc3e45bf4e6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:33.806ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {2\,\mathrm {NpF} {\vphantom {A}}_{\smash[{t}]{3}}{}+{}3\,\mathrm {Ba} {}\mathrel {\longrightarrow } {}2\,\mathrm {Np} {}+{}3\,\mathrm {BaF} {\vphantom {A}}_{\smash[{t}]{2}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eigenschaften">Eigenschaften</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physikalische_Eigenschaften">Physikalische Eigenschaften</h3></div>
<p>Neptuniummetall hat ein silbernes Aussehen, ist chemisch reaktiv und existiert in mindestens drei verschiedenen Modifikationen:<sup id="cite_ref-Binder_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Binder-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><table class="wikitable">
<caption><a href="Polymorphie_(Stoffeigenschaft)" title="Polymorphie (Stoffeigenschaft)">Modifikationen</a> bei Atmosphärendruck
</caption>
<tbody><tr class="hintergrundfarbe6">
<th><a href="Phase_(Materie)" title="Phase (Materie)">Phasenbezeichnung</a>
</th>
<th>stabiler Temperaturbereich
</th>
<th>Dichte (Temperatur)
</th>
<th><a href="Kristallsystem" title="Kristallsystem">Kristallsystem</a>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>α-Np
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>20,25&nbsp;g/cm<sup>3</sup> (20&nbsp;°C)
</td>
<td><a href="Orthorhombisches_Kristallsystem" title="Orthorhombisches Kristallsystem">orthorhombisch</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>β-Np
</td>
<td>über 280&nbsp;°C
</td>
<td>19,36&nbsp;g/cm<sup>3</sup> (313&nbsp;°C)
</td>
<td><a href="Tetragonales_Kristallsystem" title="Tetragonales Kristallsystem">tetragonal</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>γ-Np
</td>
<td>über 577&nbsp;°C
</td>
<td>18,0&nbsp;g/cm<sup>3</sup> (600&nbsp;°C)
</td>
<td><a href="Kubisches_Kristallsystem" title="Kubisches Kristallsystem">kubisch</a>
</td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl>
<p>Neptunium besitzt eine der höchsten Dichten aller Elemente. Neben <a href="Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a>, <a href="Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a>, <a href="Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a> und <a href="Platin" title="Platin">Platin</a> ist es eines der wenigen Elemente, die eine höhere Dichte als 20&nbsp;g/cm<sup>3</sup> besitzen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemische_Eigenschaften">Chemische Eigenschaften</h3></div>
<p>Neptunium bildet eine Reihe von Verbindungen, in denen es in den <a href="Oxidationsstufe" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidationsstufe">Oxidationsstufen</a> +3 bis +7 vorliegen kann. Damit besitzt Neptunium zusammen mit Plutonium die höchste mögliche Oxidationsstufe aller Actinoiden. In wässriger Lösung haben die Neptuniumionen charakteristische Farben, so ist das Np<sup>3+</sup>-Ion purpurviolett, Np<sup>4+</sup> gelbgrün, Np<sup>V</sup>O<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup> grün, Np<sup>VI</sup>O<sub>2</sub><sup>2+</sup> rosarot und Np<sup>VII</sup>O<sub>2</sub><sup>3+</sup> tiefgrün.<sup id="cite_ref-HOWI_1956_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HOWI_1956-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biologische_Aspekte">Biologische Aspekte</h3></div>
<p>Eine biologische Funktion des Neptuniums ist nicht bekannt.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Einige <a href="Anaerob" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaerob">anaerobe</a> Mikroorganismen können mittels Mn(II/III)- und Fe(II)-Spezies Np(V) zu Np(IV) reduzieren.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ferner wurden die Faktoren untersucht, die die <a href="Biosorption" title="Biosorption">Biosorption</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> und <a href="Bioakkumulation" title="Bioakkumulation">Bioakkumulation</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> des Neptuniums durch Bakterien beeinflussen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Isotope">Isotope</h2></div>
<p>Von Neptunium sind insgesamt 20 Isotope und 5 <a href="Isomer_(Kernphysik)" title="Isomer (Kernphysik)">Kernisomere</a> bekannt. Die langlebigsten Isotope sind <sup>237</sup>Np mit 2,144 Mio. Jahren, <sup>236</sup>Np mit 154.000 Jahren und <sup>235</sup>Np mit 396,1 Tagen Halbwertszeit. Die restlichen Isotope und Kernisomere besitzen Halbwertszeiten zwischen 45 Nanosekunden (<sup>237<i>m</i>1</sup>Np) und 4,4 Tagen (<sup>234</sup>Np).
</p>
<ul><li><b><sup>235</sup>Np</b> zerfällt mit 396,1 Tagen Halbwertszeit in 99,99740&nbsp;% der Fälle durch Elektroneneinfang zu Uran <sup>235</sup>U und in 0,00260&nbsp;% der Fälle durch Alphazerfall zu Protactinium <sup>231</sup>Pa, das sich eine Stufe hinter <sup>235</sup>U auf der <a href="Uran-Actinium-Reihe" title="Uran-Actinium-Reihe">Uran-Actinium-Reihe</a> befindet.</li></ul>
<ul><li><b><sup>236</sup>Np</b> zerfällt mit 154.000 Jahren Halbwertszeit in 87,3&nbsp;% der Fälle durch Elektroneneinfang zu Uran <sup>236</sup>U, in 12,5&nbsp;% der Fälle durch Betazerfall zu Plutonium <sup>236</sup>Pu und in 0,16&nbsp;% der Fälle durch Alphazerfall zu Protactinium <sup>232</sup>Pa. Diese Nuklide liegen auf der <a href="Thorium-Reihe" title="Thorium-Reihe">Thorium-Reihe</a>.</li></ul>
<ul><li><b><sup>237</sup>Np</b> zerfällt mit 2,144 Mio. Jahren Halbwertszeit durch Alphazerfall zu Protactinium <sup>233</sup>Pa. <sup>237</sup>Np ist offizieller Ausgangspunkt der <a href="Neptunium-Reihe" title="Neptunium-Reihe">Neptunium-Reihe</a>, einer Zerfallskette, die beim Isotop <a href="Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> <sup>205</sup>Tl endet.</li></ul>
<div class="sieheauch" role="navigation" style="font-style:italic;"><span class="sieheauch-text">Siehe auch</span>: <a href="Liste_der_Isotope/Ordnungszahl_91_bis_Ordnungszahl_100#93_Neptunium" title="Liste der Isotope/Ordnungszahl 91 bis Ordnungszahl 100">Liste der Neptuniumisotope</a></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spaltbarkeit">Spaltbarkeit</h2></div>

<p>Wie bei allen Transuran-Nukliden ist auch bei den Np-Isotopen die neutroneninduzierte Kernspaltung möglich. Die Isotope mit ungerader Neutronenanzahl im Kern – von den langlebigen also <sup>236</sup>Np – haben große <a href="Wirkungsquerschnitt" title="Wirkungsquerschnitt">Wirkungsquerschnitte</a> für die Spaltung durch <a href="Thermische_Neutronen" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermische Neutronen">thermische Neutronen</a>; beim <sup>236</sup>Np beträgt er 2600&nbsp;<a href="Barn" title="Barn">Barn</a><sup id="cite_ref-Nuklidkarte_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nuklidkarte-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, es ist also „leicht spaltbar“.
</p><p>Bei dem im Kernreaktorbrennstoff anfallenden <sup>237</sup>Np beträgt dieser Wirkungsquerschnitt nur 20 Millibarn.<sup id="cite_ref-Nuklidkarte_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nuklidkarte-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dieses Isotop ist jedoch aufgrund anderer kernphysikalischer Eigenschaften geeignet, mit der Spaltung durch <i>schnelle</i> Neutronen im reinen Material eine <a href="Kettenreaktion_(Kernphysik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kettenreaktion (Kernphysik)">Kettenreaktion</a> aufrechtzuerhalten. Im <a href="Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory" title="Los Alamos National Laboratory">Los Alamos National Laboratory</a> wurde seine <a href="Kritische_Masse" title="Kritische Masse">kritische Masse</a> experimentell zu etwa 60&nbsp;kg bestimmt.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daher ist <sup>237</sup>Np ein mögliches Material für Kernwaffen.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwendung">Verwendung</h2></div>
<p>Das in Kernreaktoren aus <sup>235</sup>U erbrütete <sup>237</sup>Np kann zur Gewinnung von <sup>238</sup>Pu zur Verwendung in <a href="Radionuklidbatterie" title="Radionuklidbatterie">Radionuklidbatterien</a> genutzt werden. Dazu wird das Neptunium bei der Aufbereitung von abgebrannten Brennstäben abgetrennt und in Form von <a href="Neptunium(IV)-oxid" title="Neptunium(IV)-oxid">Neptunium(IV)-oxid</a> in neue <a href="Brennstab" title="Brennstab">Brennstäbe</a> gefüllt. Diese werden in einen Kernreaktor eingesetzt, wo sie erneut mit Neutronen bestrahlt werden; aus dem <sup>237</sup>Np wird dabei <sup>238</sup>Pu erbrütet.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Das Plutonium wird anschließend aus den Neptuniumbrennstäben abgetrennt. Andere denkbare Verwendungsmöglichkeiten scheitern zumeist am hohen Preis von Neptunium, da selbst bei der <a href="Wiederaufarbeitung" title="Wiederaufarbeitung">Wiederaufarbeitung</a> Neptunium nur äußerst selten vom <a href="Abgebrannter_Kernbrennstoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Abgebrannter Kernbrennstoff"> alten Brennstoff</a> abgetrennt wird, was sich wiederum daher erklärt, dass es kaum Anwendungen für Neptunium und entsprechend wenig Nachfrage gibt.
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{237}_{\ 93}Np\ +\ _{0}^{1}n\ \longrightarrow \ _{\ 93}^{238}Np\ {\xrightarrow[{2,117\ d}]{\beta ^{-}}}\ _{\ 94}^{238}Pu} }">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{237}_{\ 93}Np\ +\ _{0}^{1}n\ \longrightarrow \ _{\ 93}^{238}Np\ {\xrightarrow[{2,117\ d}]{\beta ^{-}}}\ _{\ 94}^{238}Pu} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/88e4b7fc6cd5d7f51d47d58061f3abe4e147765c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.112ex; margin-top: -0.415ex; margin-bottom: -0.559ex; width:37.372ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{237}_{\ 93}Np\ +\ _{0}^{1}n\ \longrightarrow \ _{\ 93}^{238}Np\ {\xrightarrow[{2,117\ d}]{\beta ^{-}}}\ _{\ 94}^{238}Pu} }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dd><small>Die angegebenen Zeiten sind <a href="Halbwertszeit" title="Halbwertszeit">Halbwertszeiten</a>.</small></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verbindungen">Verbindungen</h2></div>

<p><i>→ Kategorie: Neptuniumverbindung</i>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oxide">Oxide</h3></div>
<p>Bekannt sind Oxide in den Stufen +4 bis +6: <a href="Neptunium(IV)-oxid" title="Neptunium(IV)-oxid">Neptunium(IV)-oxid</a> (NpO<sub>2</sub>), <a href="Neptunium(V)-oxid" title="Neptunium(V)-oxid">Neptunium(V)-oxid</a> (Np<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>) und Neptunium(VI)-oxid (NpO<sub>3</sub>&nbsp;·&nbsp;H<sub>2</sub>O).<sup id="cite_ref-HOWI_1972_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HOWI_1972-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neptuniumdioxid (NpO<sub>2</sub>) ist das chemisch stabilste Oxid des Neptuniums und findet Verwendung in <a href="Kernbrennstab" class="mw-redirect" title="Kernbrennstab">Kernbrennstäben</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Halogenide">Halogenide</h3></div>
<p>Für Neptunium sind Halogenide in den Oxidationsstufen +3 bis +6 bekannt.<sup id="cite_ref-HOWI_1969_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HOWI_1969-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Für die Stufe +3 sind sämtliche Verbindungen der vier <a href="Halogene" title="Halogene">Halogene</a> <a href="Fluor" title="Fluor">Fluor</a>, <a href="Chlor" title="Chlor">Chlor</a>, <a href="Brom" title="Brom">Brom</a> und <a href="Iod" title="Iod">Iod</a> bekannt. Darüber hinaus bildet es Halogenide in den Stufen +4 bis +6.
</p>

<p>In der Oxidationsstufe +6 ist das <a href="Neptuniumhexafluorid" class="mw-redirect" title="Neptuniumhexafluorid">Neptuniumhexafluorid</a> (NpF<sub>6</sub>) von besonderer Bedeutung. Es ist ein orangefarbener Feststoff mit sehr hoher Flüchtigkeit, der schon bei 56&nbsp;°C in den gasförmigen Zustand übergeht. In dieser Eigenschaft ähnelt es sehr dem <a href="Uranhexafluorid" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranhexafluorid">Uranhexafluorid</a> und <a href="Plutoniumhexafluorid" class="mw-redirect" title="Plutoniumhexafluorid">Plutoniumhexafluorid</a>, daher kann es genauso in der Anreicherung und <a href="Isotopentrennung" title="Isotopentrennung">Isotopentrennung</a> verwendet werden.
</p>
<table class="wikitable left" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%">

<tbody><tr>
<td>Oxidationszahl</td>
<td>F</td>
<td>Cl</td>
<td>Br</td>
<td>I
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>+6
</td>
<td><a href="Neptunium(VI)-fluorid" title="Neptunium(VI)-fluorid">Neptunium(VI)-fluorid</a><br>NpF<sub>6</sub><br>orange
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>+5
</td>
<td><a href="Neptunium(V)-fluorid" title="Neptunium(V)-fluorid">Neptunium(V)-fluorid</a><br>NpF<sub>5</sub><br>hellblau
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>+4
</td>
<td><a href="Neptunium(IV)-fluorid" title="Neptunium(IV)-fluorid">Neptunium(IV)-fluorid</a><br>NpF<sub>4</sub><br>grün
</td>
<td><a href="Neptunium(IV)-chlorid" title="Neptunium(IV)-chlorid">Neptunium(IV)-chlorid</a><br>NpCl<sub>4</sub><br>rotbraun
</td>
<td><a href="Neptunium(IV)-bromid" title="Neptunium(IV)-bromid">Neptunium(IV)-bromid</a><br>NpBr<sub>4</sub><br>dunkelrot
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>+3
</td>
<td><a href="Neptunium(III)-fluorid" title="Neptunium(III)-fluorid">Neptunium(III)-fluorid</a><br>NpF<sub>3</sub><br>violett
</td>
<td><a href="Neptunium(III)-chlorid" title="Neptunium(III)-chlorid">Neptunium(III)-chlorid</a><br>NpCl<sub>3</sub><br>grün
</td>
<td><a href="Neptunium(III)-bromid" title="Neptunium(III)-bromid">Neptunium(III)-bromid</a><br>NpBr<sub>3</sub><br>grün
</td>
<td><a href="Neptunium(III)-iodid" title="Neptunium(III)-iodid">Neptunium(III)-iodid</a><br>NpI<sub>3</sub><br>violett
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metallorganische_Verbindungen">Metallorganische Verbindungen</h3></div>
<p>Analog zu <a href="Uranocen" title="Uranocen">Uranocen</a>, einer <a href="Organometallverbindungen" class="mw-redirect" title="Organometallverbindungen">Organometallverbindung</a> in der Uran von zwei <a href="Cyclooctatetraen" title="Cyclooctatetraen">Cyclooctatetraen</a>-Liganden komplexiert ist, wurden die entsprechenden Komplexe von <a href="Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a>, <a href="Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a>, Plutonium, Americium und auch des Neptuniums, (η<sup>8</sup>-C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>8</sub>)<sub>2</sub>Np, dargestellt.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sicherheitshinweise">Sicherheitshinweise</h2></div>
<p>Einstufungen nach der <a href="Verordnung_(EG)_Nr._1272/2008_(CLP)" title="Verordnung (EG) Nr. 1272/2008 (CLP)">CLP-Verordnung</a> liegen nicht vor, weil diese nur die chemische Gefährlichkeit umfassen und eine völlig untergeordnete Rolle gegenüber den auf der Radioaktivität beruhenden Gefahren spielen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li><i><a href="Gmelins_Handbuch_der_anorganischen_Chemie" title="Gmelins Handbuch der anorganischen Chemie">Gmelins Handbuch der anorganischen Chemie</a></i>, System Nr. 71, Transurane:
<ul><li>Teil A 1 II, S.&nbsp;14–17</li>
<li>Teil A 2, S.&nbsp;100–118, 180–181, 250–253, 258</li>
<li>Teil B 1, S.&nbsp;1–9</li>
<li>Teil C, S.&nbsp;2–3, 7–10, 82–83, 92–114, 157–159, 174–175, 189–194, 200–201, 228, 245, 248–249, 251, 272</li>
<li>Teil D 1, S.&nbsp;27–30, 37–58, 100–105</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Cornelius_Keller" title="Cornelius Keller">Cornelius Keller</a>: <i>Die Chemie des Neptuniums</i>, in: <i><a href="Fortschr._chem._Forsch." class="mw-redirect" title="Fortschr. chem. Forsch.">Fortschr. chem. Forsch.</a></i>, <b>1969/70</b>, <i>13/1</i>, S.&nbsp;1–124 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0051170" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1007/BFb0051170">doi:10.1007/BFb0051170</a>).</li>
<li>Zenko Yoshida, Stephen G. Johnson, Takaumi Kimura, John R. Krsul: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://radchem.nevada.edu/classes/rdch710/files/Neptunium.pdf"><i>Neptunium</i></a>, in: Lester R. Morss, Norman M. Edelstein, Jean Fuger (Hrsg.): <i>The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements</i>, Springer, Dordrecht 2006; ISBN 1-4020-3555-1, S.&nbsp;699–812 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_6" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1007/1-4020-3598-5 6">doi:10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_6</a>).</li>
<li>S. Fried, N. R. Davidson: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA315026"><i>The Basic Dry Chemistry of Neptunium</i></a>, (1947) Report MDDC-1332, United States Atomic Energy Commission - Argonne National Laboratory, Declassified: July 18, 1947.</li>
<li>A. F.: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zeit.de/1972/09/neptunium-auf-dem-mond"><i>Neptunium auf dem Mond</i></a>, <a href="Die_Zeit" title="Die Zeit">Die Zeit</a>, 3. März 1972, Nr.&nbsp;9.</li>
<li>G. A. Burney, R. M. Harbour: <i>Radiochemistry of Neptunium</i>, Report NAS-NS-3060, United States Atomic Energy Commission, 1974 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radiochemistry.org/periodictable/pdf_books/pdf/rc000031.pdf">PDF</a>; 6,7&nbsp;MB).</li>
<li>Kurt Starke: <i>Zur Frühgeschichte des Neptuniums</i>, in: <i>Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies</i>, <b>1990</b>, <i>26</i>&nbsp;(8), S.&nbsp;349–351 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/10256019008624331" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1080/10256019008624331">doi:10.1080/10256019008624331</a>).</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><div class="noresize noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons"></span></span></div><b><span class=""><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Neptunium?uselang=de"><span lang="en">Commons</span>: Neptunium</a></span></b>&nbsp;– Sammlung von Bildern und Audiodateien</div>
<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><span class="noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wiktionary"></span></span></span><b><a href="https://de.wiktionary.org/wiki/Neptunium" class="extiw external" title="wikt:Neptunium">Wiktionary: Neptunium</a></b>&nbsp;– Bedeutungserklärungen, Wortherkunft, Synonyme, Übersetzungen</div>
<ul><li>Eintrag zu <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://roempp.thieme.de/lexicon/RD-14-00817"><i>Neptunium</i></a>. In: <i><a href="R%C3%B6mpp_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Römpp Online">Römpp Online</a>.</i> Georg Thieme Verlag, abgerufen am 3.&nbsp;Januar 2015.<span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span></li>
<li>Robin Giroux: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.acs.org/cen/80th/neptunium.html"><i>Neptunium</i></a>, Chemical &amp; Engineering News, 2003.</li>
<li>Wissenschaft-Online-Lexika: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spektrum.de/lexikon/chemie/neptuniumverbindungen/6220"><i>Neptuniumverbindungen</i></a> im Lexikon der Chemie.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-Binder-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Binder_1-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Binder_1-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Binder_1-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Binder_1-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Binder_1-4">e</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Binder_1-5">f</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Harry_H._Binder" title="Harry H. Binder">Harry H. Binder</a>: <i>Lexikon der chemischen Elemente</i>, S. Hirzel Verlag, Stuttgart 1999, ISBN 3-7776-0736-3, S.&nbsp;413–419.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Die Werte der atomaren und physikalischen Eigenschaften (Infobox) sind, wenn nicht anders angegeben, aus <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webelements.com/neptunium/">www.webelements.com (Neptunium)</a> entnommen.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-NIST-ASD-neptunium-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NIST-ASD-neptunium_3-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NIST-ASD-neptunium_3-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NIST-ASD-neptunium_3-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NIST-ASD-neptunium_3-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NIST-ASD-neptunium_3-4">e</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Eintrag zu <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/ie.pl?spectra=neptunium&amp;units=1&amp;e_out=0&amp;unc_out=1&amp;at_num_out=1&amp;el_name_out=1&amp;ion_charge_out=1&amp;biblio=1"><i>neptunium</i></a> in Kramida, A., Ralchenko, Yu., Reader, J. und NIST ASD Team (2019): <cite style="font-style:italic">NIST Atomic Spectra Database (ver. 5.7.1)</cite>. Hrsg.: <a href="National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a>, Gaithersburg, MD. <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18434/T4W30F">10.18434/T4W30F</a></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://physics.nist.gov/asd">physics.nist.gov/asd</a>).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Neptunium&amp;rft.au=Kramida%2C+A.%2C+Ralchenko%2C+...&amp;rft.btitle=NIST+Atomic+Spectra+Database+%28ver.+5.7.1%29&amp;rft.doi=10.18434%2FT4W30F&amp;rft.genre=book" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span> Abgerufen am 13.&nbsp;Juni 2020.<span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Webelements-neptunium-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Webelements-neptunium_4-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Webelements-neptunium_4-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Webelements-neptunium_4-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Webelements-neptunium_4-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Webelements-neptunium_4-4">e</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Eintrag zu <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webelements.com/neptunium/atoms.html"><i>neptunium</i></a> bei <i>WebElements, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webelements.com">www.webelements.com</a></i>, abgerufen am 13.&nbsp;Juni 2020.<span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-HOWI_2149-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-HOWI_2149_5-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-HOWI_2149_5-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Arnold_F._Holleman" title="Arnold F. Holleman">A. F. Holleman</a>, <a href="Egon_Wiberg" title="Egon Wiberg">E. Wiberg</a>, <a href="Nils_Wiberg" title="Nils Wiberg">N. Wiberg</a>: <i><a href="Holleman-Wiberg_Lehrbuch_der_Anorganischen_Chemie" title="Holleman-Wiberg Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie">Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie</a>.</i> 102.&nbsp;Auflage. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-11-017770-1, S.&nbsp;2149.<span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-NV-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NV_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Die von der Radioaktivität ausgehenden Gefahren gehören nicht zu den einzustufenden Eigenschaften nach der GHS-Kennzeichnung. In Bezug auf weitere Gefahren wurde dieses Element entweder noch nicht eingestuft oder eine verlässliche und zitierfähige Quelle hierzu wurde noch nicht gefunden. </span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-EL93-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-EL93_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">E. McMillan, P. H. Abelson: <i>Radioactive Element 93</i>, in: <i><a href="Physical_Review" title="Physical Review">Physical Review</a></i>, <b>1940</b>, <i>57</i>, S.&nbsp;1185–1186 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.57.1185.2" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1103/PhysRev.57.1185.2">doi:10.1103/PhysRev.57.1185.2</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Neue Elemente</i>, in: <i><a href="Angewandte_Chemie_(Zeitschrift)" title="Angewandte Chemie (Zeitschrift)">Angewandte Chemie</a></i>, <b>1947</b>, <i>59</i>&nbsp;(2), S.&nbsp;61–61.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">A. B. Garrett: <i>The Chemistry of Elements 93, 94, 95 and 96 (Neptunium, Plutonium, Americium and Curium)</i>, in: <i>The Ohio Journal of Science</i>, <b>1947</b>, <i>XLVII</i>&nbsp;(3), S.&nbsp;103–106 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/1811/5752/1/V47N03_103.pdf">PDF</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">K. Wirtz: <i>Die neuen Elemente Neptunium, Plutonium, Americium und Curium.</i> In: <i><a href="Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Naturforschung" title="Zeitschrift für Naturforschung">Zeitschrift für Naturforschung</a>.</i> 1, 1946, S.&nbsp;543–544 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.znaturforsch.com/aa/v01/10543.pdf">online</a>).<span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">L. B. Magnusson, S. G. Thompson, G. T. Seaborg: <i>New Isotopes of Neptunium</i>, in: <i><a href="Physical_Review" title="Physical Review">Physical Review</a></i>, <b>1950</b>, <i>78</i>&nbsp;(4), S.&nbsp;363–372 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.78.363" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1103/PhysRev.78.363">doi:10.1103/PhysRev.78.363</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. E. Gindler, J. R. Huizenga, D. W. Engelkemeir: <i>Neptunium Isotopes: 234, 235, 236</i>, in: <i><a href="Physical_Review" title="Physical Review">Physical Review</a></i>, <b>1958</b>, <i>109</i>&nbsp;(4), S.&nbsp;1263–1267 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.109.1263" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1103/PhysRev.109.1263">doi:10.1103/PhysRev.109.1263</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard M. Lessler, Maynard C. Michel: <i>Isotopes Np<sup>240</sup> and Np<sup>241</sup></i>, in: <i><a href="Physical_Review" title="Physical Review">Physical Review</a></i>, <b>1960</b>, <i>118</i>&nbsp;(1), S.&nbsp;263–264 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.118.263" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1103/PhysRev.118.263">doi:10.1103/PhysRev.118.263</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Klaus Hoffmann: <cite style="font-style:italic">Kann man Gold machen? Gauner, Gaukler und Gelehrte. Aus der Geschichte der chemischen Elemente</cite>. Urania-Verlag, Leipzig, Jena, Berlin 1979, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>233</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Neptunium&amp;rft.au=Klaus+Hoffmann&amp;rft.btitle=Kann+man+Gold+machen%3F+Gauner%2C+Gaukler+und+Gelehrte.+Aus+der+Geschichte+der+chemischen+Elemente&amp;rft.date=1979&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=233&amp;rft.place=Leipzig%2C+Jena%2C+Berlin&amp;rft.pub=Urania-Verlag" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-HOWI_1956-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-HOWI_1956_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Arnold_F._Holleman" title="Arnold F. Holleman">A. F. Holleman</a>, <a href="Egon_Wiberg" title="Egon Wiberg">E. Wiberg</a>, <a href="Nils_Wiberg" title="Nils Wiberg">N. Wiberg</a>: <i><a href="Holleman-Wiberg_Lehrbuch_der_Anorganischen_Chemie" title="Holleman-Wiberg Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie">Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie</a>.</i> 102.&nbsp;Auflage. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-11-017770-1, S.&nbsp;1956.<span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eawag-bbd.ethz.ch/periodic/elements/np.html"><i>The Biochemical Periodic Tables – Neptunium</i></a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. E. Banaszak, S. M. Webb, B. E. Rittmann, J.-F. Gaillard, D. T. Reed: <i>Fate of Neptunium in an anaerobic, methanogenic microcosm</i>, in: <i>Mat Res Soc Symp Proc.</i>, <b>1999</b>, <i>556</i>, S.&nbsp;1141–1149 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/10874">Abstract</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/scitech/servlets/purl/10874/10874.pdf">PDF</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">T. Sasaki, T. Kauri, A. Kudo: <i>Effect of pH and Temperature on the Sorption of Np and Pa to mixed anaerobic bacteria</i>, in: <i><a href="Appl._Radiat._Isot." class="mw-redirect" title="Appl. Radiat. Isot.">Appl. Radiat. Isot.</a></i>, <b>2001</b>, <i>55</i>&nbsp;(4), S.&nbsp;427–431 (<a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11545492?dopt=Abstract">PMID 11545492</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Songkasiri, D. T. Reed, B. E. Rittmann: <i>Bio-sorption of Neptunium(V) by Pseudomonas Fluroescens</i>, in: <i><a href="Radiochimica_Acta" title="Radiochimica Acta">Radiochimica Acta</a></i>, <b>2002</b>, <i>90</i>, S.&nbsp;785–789.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">A. J. Francis, J. B. Fillow, C. J. Dodge, M. Dunn, K. Mantione, B. A. Strietelmeier, M. E. Pansoy-Hjelvik, H. W. Papenguth: <i>Role of Bacteria as Biocolloids in the Transport of Actinides from a Deep Underground Radioactive Waste Repository</i>, in: <i><a href="Radiochimica_Acta" title="Radiochimica Acta">Radiochimica Acta</a></i>, <b>1998</b>, <i>82</i>, S.&nbsp;347–354 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/2439">Abstract</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/scitech/servlets/purl/2439/2439.pdf">PDF</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iaea.org/inis/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/36/116/36116453.pdf">Criticality of a <sup>237</sup>Np Sphere</a></i>, 2003.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Nuklidkarte-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Nuklidkarte_22-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Nuklidkarte_22-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Pfennig, H. Klewe-Nebenius, W. Seelmann-Eggebert (Hrsg.): <i><a href="Karlsruher_Nuklidkarte" title="Karlsruher Nuklidkarte">Karlsruher Nuklidkarte</a></i>, 6. Aufl., korrig. Nachdr. 1998.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Weiss: <i>Little-studied metal goes critical – Neptunium Nukes?</i>, in: <i><a href="Science_News" title="Science News">Science News</a></i>, 26.&nbsp;Oktober 2002 (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r261891140">
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</style><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061201120103/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1200/is_17_162/ai_94011322">Volltext</a> (<span class="webarchiv-memento"><a href="Webarchivierung#Begrifflichkeiten" title="Webarchivierung">Memento</a></span> vom 1. Dezember 2006 im <i><a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></i>)), abgerufen am 5. Dezember 2008.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Russell D. Mosteller, David J. Loaiza, Rene G. Sanchez: <i>Creation of a Simplified Benchmark Model for the Neptunium Sphere Experiment</i>, PHYSOR 2004 - The Physics of Fuel Cycles and Advanced Nuclear Systems: Global Developments Chicago, Illinois, April 25-29, 2004, on CD-ROM, American Nuclear Society, Lagrange Park, IL. (2004) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipen.br/biblioteca/cd/physor/2004/PHYSOR04/papers/97094.pdf">PDF</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rene G. Sanchez, David J. Loaiza, Robert H. Kimpland, David K. Hayes, Charlene C. Cappiello, William L. Myers, Peter J. Jaegers, Steven D. Clement, Kenneth B. Butterfield: <i>Criticality of a <sup>237</sup>Np Sphere</i>, in: <i><a href="Nuclear_Science_and_Engineering" title="Nuclear Science and Engineering">Nuclear Science and Engineering</a></i>, <b>2008</b>, <i>158</i>, S.&nbsp;1–14 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ans.org/pubs/journals/nse/a_2734">online</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">David Albright, Kimberly Kramer: <i>Neptunium 237 and Americium: World Inventories and Proliferation Concerns</i>, August 2005 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isis-online.org/uploads/isis-reports/documents/np_237_and_americium.pdf">PDF</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter Seifritz: <i>Nukleare Sprengkörper – Bedrohung oder Energieversorgung für die Menschheit?</i>, Thiemig-Verlag, München 1984.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert G. Lange, Wade P. Carroll: <i>Review of recent advances of radioisotope power systems</i>, <i><a href="Energy_Conversion_and_Management" title="Energy Conversion and Management">Energy Conversion and Management</a></i>, <b>2008</b>, <i>49</i>&nbsp;(3), S.&nbsp;393–401 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2007.10.028" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2007.10.028">doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2007.10.028</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-HOWI_1972-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-HOWI_1972_29-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Arnold_F._Holleman" title="Arnold F. Holleman">A. F. Holleman</a>, <a href="Egon_Wiberg" title="Egon Wiberg">E. Wiberg</a>, <a href="Nils_Wiberg" title="Nils Wiberg">N. Wiberg</a>: <i><a href="Holleman-Wiberg_Lehrbuch_der_Anorganischen_Chemie" title="Holleman-Wiberg Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie">Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie</a>.</i> 102.&nbsp;Auflage. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-11-017770-1, S.&nbsp;1972.<span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-HOWI_1969-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-HOWI_1969_30-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Arnold_F._Holleman" title="Arnold F. Holleman">A. F. Holleman</a>, <a href="Egon_Wiberg" title="Egon Wiberg">E. Wiberg</a>, <a href="Nils_Wiberg" title="Nils Wiberg">N. Wiberg</a>: <i><a href="Holleman-Wiberg_Lehrbuch_der_Anorganischen_Chemie" title="Holleman-Wiberg Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie">Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie</a>.</i> 102.&nbsp;Auflage. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-11-017770-1, S.&nbsp;1969.<span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Christoph_Elschenbroich" title="Christoph Elschenbroich">Christoph Elschenbroich</a>: <i>Organometallchemie</i>, 6. Auflage, Wiesbaden 2008, ISBN 978-3-8351-0167-8, S.&nbsp;589.</span>
</li>
</ol>
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</style>
<div class="klappleiste mw-collapsible navileiste navigation-not-searchable center" role="navigation">
<div class="klappleiste-kopf"><a href="Periodensystem" title="Periodensystem">Periodensystem</a> der <a href="Chemisches_Element" title="Chemisches Element">Elemente</a></div>
<div class="klappleiste-inhalt mw-collapsible-content">
<table cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse:collapse; font-size:smaller; margin-top:2em; text-align:center; width:100%">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#32cd32"><a href="Wasserstoff" title="Wasserstoff">H</a>
</td>
<td style="width:93.75%" colspan="30">
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#87cefa"><a href="Helium" title="Helium">He</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff4500"><a href="Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff8c00"><a href="Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a>
</td>
<td colspan="24">
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#cd853f"><a href="Bor" title="Bor">B</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#32cd32"><a href="Kohlenstoff" title="Kohlenstoff">C</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#32cd32"><a href="Stickstoff" title="Stickstoff">N</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#32cd32"><a href="Sauerstoff" title="Sauerstoff">O</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f0e68c"><a href="Fluor" title="Fluor">F</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#87cefa"><a href="Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff4500"><a href="Natrium" title="Natrium">Na</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff8c00"><a href="Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a>
</td>
<td colspan="24">
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#a9a9a9"><a href="Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#cd853f"><a href="Silicium" title="Silicium">Si</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#32cd32"><a href="Phosphor" title="Phosphor">P</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#32cd32"><a href="Schwefel" title="Schwefel">S</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f0e68c"><a href="Chlor" title="Chlor">Cl</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#87cefa"><a href="Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff4500"><a href="Kalium" title="Kalium">K</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff8c00"><a href="Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a>
</td>
<td colspan="14">
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Titan_(Element)" title="Titan (Element)">Ti</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Chrom" title="Chrom">Cr</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Mangan" title="Mangan">Mn</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Eisen" title="Eisen">Fe</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Kupfer" title="Kupfer">Cu</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Zink" title="Zink">Zn</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#a9a9a9"><a href="Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#cd853f"><a href="Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#cd853f"><a href="Arsen" title="Arsen">As</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#cd853f"><a href="Selen" title="Selen">Se</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f0e68c"><a href="Brom" title="Brom">Br</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#87cefa"><a href="Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff4500"><a href="Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff8c00"><a href="Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a>
</td>
<td colspan="14">
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Niob" title="Niob">Nb</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Molybd%C3%A4n" title="Molybdän">Mo</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Silber" title="Silber">Ag</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#a9a9a9"><a href="Indium" title="Indium">In</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#a9a9a9"><a href="Zinn" title="Zinn">Sn</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#cd853f"><a href="Antimon" title="Antimon">Sb</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#cd853f"><a href="Tellur" title="Tellur">Te</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f0e68c"><a href="Iod" title="Iod">I</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#87cefa"><a href="Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff4500"><a href="Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff8c00"><a href="Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Lanthan" title="Lanthan">La</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Cer" title="Cer">Ce</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Praseodym" title="Praseodym">Pr</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Neodym" title="Neodym">Nd</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Tantal" title="Tantal">Ta</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Wolfram" title="Wolfram">W</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Platin" title="Platin">Pt</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Gold" title="Gold">Au</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Quecksilber" title="Quecksilber">Hg</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#a9a9a9"><a href="Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#a9a9a9"><a href="Blei" title="Blei">Pb</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#a9a9a9"><a href="Bismut" title="Bismut">Bi</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#a9a9a9"><a href="Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f0e68c"><a href="Astat" title="Astat">At</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#87cefa"><a href="Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff4500"><a href="Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff8c00"><a href="Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Uran" title="Uran">U</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Np</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Americium" title="Americium">Am</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dcdcdc"><a href="Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dcdcdc"><a href="Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dcdcdc"><a href="Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dcdcdc"><a href="Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dcdcdc"><a href="Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dcdcdc"><a href="Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dcdcdc"><a href="Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dcdcdc"><a href="Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dcdcdc"><a href="Tenness" title="Tenness">Ts</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dcdcdc"><a href="Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table border="1" cellpadding="1" rules="all" style="border:1px solid #fff; border-collapse:collapse; font-size: smaller; margin-top:2em; text-align:center; width:100%">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="background:#ff4500" width="9.1%"><a href="Alkalimetalle" title="Alkalimetalle">Alkalimetalle</a>
</td>
<td style="background:#ff8c00" width="9.1%"><a href="Erdalkalimetalle" title="Erdalkalimetalle">Erdalkalimetalle</a>
</td>
<td style="background:#dda0dd" width="9.1%"><a href="Lanthanoide" title="Lanthanoide">Lanthanoide</a>
</td>
<td style="background:#da70d6" width="9.1%"><a href="Actinoide" title="Actinoide">Actinoide</a>
</td>
<td style="background:#f08080" width="9.1%"><a href="%C3%9Cbergangsmetalle" title="Übergangsmetalle">Übergangsmetalle</a>
</td>
<td style="background:#a9a9a9" width="9.1%"><a href="Metalle" title="Metalle">Metalle</a>
</td>
<td style="background:#cd853f" width="9.1%"><a href="Halbmetalle" title="Halbmetalle">Halbmetalle</a>
</td>
<td style="background:#32cd32" width="9.1%"><a href="Nichtmetalle" title="Nichtmetalle">Nichtmetalle</a>
</td>
<td style="background:#f0e68c" width="9.1%"><a href="Halogene" title="Halogene">Halogene</a>
</td>
<td style="background:#87cefa" width="9.1%"><a href="Edelgase" title="Edelgase">Edelgase</a>
</td>
<td style="background:#dcdcdc" width="9%">Chemie unbekannt
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</div></div>
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Normdaten&nbsp;(Sachbegriff): <a href="Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4171471-4">4171471-4</a></span> | <a href="Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85090879">sh85090879</a></span> </div>
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